Climate change and the environment

The International Federation, at its 30th Conference held in Geneva in November 2007, aimed at implementing the third objective of the humanitarian agenda, objective 4.1.3 strongly urged states to set priorities and provide resources for the implementation of comprehensive measures to reduce disaster risk, including: This includes measures that address issues of climate change and its differences, and National Societies will increase their cooperation with countries and experts in regions experiencing climate change with the aim of reducing potential negative impacts on vulnerable population groups. As requested in the Action Plan adopted by the Twenty-Seventh International Conference in 1999, the Climate Center of the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, which is based in the Netherlands, makes many contributions to the global debate on climate change, where it participated in all conferences The Center continues to provide opportunities for National Societies

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is the largest non-governmental humanitarian network in the world and it helps people in about (150 countries). The Federation, which was founded in 1919 and is headquartered in Geneva / Switzerland, includes 186 Red Cross and Red Crescent societies and about 100 million volunteers, and the basic principles of the union are humanity, through which it aims to avoid and alleviate human suffering wherever it is found, protect life and health, ensure respect for human beings and achieve lasting peace among all peoples, impartiality as the movement does not practice any discrimination on the basis of race nationality or religious beliefs, in addition to neutrality - independence - voluntary service - unity - and universality. The mission of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is to improve the situation of the most vulnerable and coordinate emergency international assistance to people aff

Climate change  The role of the  (iprd) and  (unep) in reducing and adapting to climate change The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).  The World Bank, plays a major role, in managing disaster risks, and climate change ,, and its ability lies in providing a mix of tools and resources, that include concessional financing, and experiences in implementing minimal risks, and reconstruction operations. In recent years, the Bank has developed specialized expertise, and made available A set of new tools, to support countries in improving disaster risk management through the following.  Improving understanding of disaster risk in client countries. Expand the scope of technical and financial support to national governments, cities and local communities to enhance their ability to confront disasters      and, hazards, and recover from their effects. Increasing coordination, and harmony between work programs concerned with disaster risk management and adaptation to clim

FAO has contributed to disaster risk reduction and management efforts related to agreed climate action targets in many countries in line with SDG 13, the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and has supported the formulation of national policies and regional plans translated into national plans for disaster risk reduction and to enhance coherence and mutual reinforcement of United Nations efforts in building resilience and ensuring the implementation of an integrated, risk-informed approach to sustainable development goals. The organization also helped generate capacity to mainstream disaster risk reduction and warning activities The organization has also provided tools, databases and learning materials to enhance the national capacity to design, implement and report on actions in line with global agreements on climate and includes knowledge products. and the organization’s products have been used. Knowledge in negotiating processes within the framewor

The International Labor Organization has issued multiple reports on research that shed light on new and emerging issues regarding the impact of climate change on global employment, the skills required for a greener future, and the implications of heat stress on the workplace. At the 2018 G-20 meeting in Argentina, it prepared The International Labor Organization (ILO) published a special report on the impact of climate change adaptation on employment. In particular, the report looks at measures to adapt to climate change that would create employment through green work and protect workers and incomes. In addition, the report proposes accompanying policies and enabling measures, including measures related to the establishments in order to achieve the maximum positive impact on employment due to the transition to a climate-adaptive economy, and the transition to the energy sector was the focus of most of the research and analyzes addressed by the organization, and the organization also es

The role of  (UNHCR) in climate change mitigation and adaptation UNHCR has shown its willingness, to participate in the response to displacement in the context of climate change .  as UNHCR has seen that climate change is a risk multiplier or a threat multiplier for other drivers of displacement.  Access to livelihoods puts pressures on education and health services, often exacerbated by pressures on governance and access to resources in general.  UNHCR also expressed concern that when populations are forced to move due to climate change and conflict, they are very rare to return.  In the past, return was a permanent solution once the conflict ended, but now with climate change and environmental degradation, many people do not find a place to return to. This changes the way UNHCR should look at durable solutions and work with them in the future, as UNHCR has played an important role In supporting the development of international, regional, national and non-national laws and policies

Believing in the serious negative effects of climate change on humanity, the United Nations General Assembly in 1988 discussed the issue of climate change and issued its decision to form the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). and this team was formed in cooperation with the Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)to carry out scientific research and evaluate information related to climate change from the scientific, technical, economic and social aspects. and this team concluded in 1990 that there are technically feasible and cost-effective measures to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through national measures and Regional meetings and agreements followed, with the aim of limiting the phenomenon of climate change. The Intergovernmental Authority on Climate Change has proposed a wide range of options for adaptation to climate change, as it developed an appropriate plan to adapt to the catastrophic effects of climate change on all sect

“One of the very valuable lessons I learned during my nine years in office is that governments and international organizations cannot adequately do their job without effective engagement,” former United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said at a press conference on the sidelines of the United Nations Climate Conference in Paris in 2015. And the support of civil society, we need strong engagement and cooperation with the business community, the private sector and civil society, so these tripartite partnerships are necessary and fundamental to the success of any government or society. We are all born with basic human rights, but those rights are always under imminent threat from the effects of climate change, and we all deserve equal protection from this global threat. There is nothing to lose by taking the initiative and we have everything to gain. Addressing climate change gives us the opportunity to attach importance to the well-being of people by ensuring the right to a healthy

Efforts to reduce or mitigate the catastrophic effects of climate change and adapt to it. The issue of climate change is considered a crucial crisis of our time, and its effects are unevenly weighted against the most vulnerable people in the world, namely refugees, displaced persons and stateless persons, who are in dire need of protection. In light of rapid global warming, extreme weather conditions have become. Heavy rains, droughts, heat waves, and tropical storms) are more difficult to predict, more intense and frequent, and increase the risk of more rapid and slow-onset hazards, including floods, landslides, and erosion. The sea leads to increased coastal flooding, soil salinization, and the risk of permanent flooding in low-lying areas. It was stated in the 2010 Development Report issued by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Action is now necessary, otherwise the possible options will disappear and costs will increase with the world’s approach to developm

results and suggestions about climate change. Talking about the environment and its protection has become a recognized issue at the present time, and it has become an increasingly complex and intertwined problem, which has led to an urgent need to intervene and conduct careful studies of the environment and its characteristics and diagnose the problems that it suffers from. There must be harmonious, harmonious, non-contradictory environmental legislation that can be applied on the ground. In its work, impartiality, objectivity and transparency are taken into account. Developing curricula at university levels within the faculties of law related to environmental legislation and international humanitarian law. The concept of legal protection of the environment is a broad concept and is constantly changing because the areas of protection embodied by these rules cannot be known in advance because the world and the environment are in constant change, so it is necessary to develop legislation

Principles of international humanitarian law the third and fourth principles The principle of distinguishing between military objectives and civilian objectives With the development of weapons of all kinds, especially the so-called smart ones, it has become possible, to strike the opponent everywhere, and at any time outside the scope of military actions, and thus the possibility of not being exposed, to the areas where civilians are present, and therefore civilians must be protected from the mistakes, and damages of war, through the establishment of controls, and restrictions To distinguish between civilian and military objectives, and to preserve human freedoms, and protect his property in times of peace, and war alike. Thus, the first Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions in, 1977, stipulated in Article 48 that," (the parties to the conflict shall work to distinguish between the civilian population, and combatants, and between civilian objects and military objectives, a

Principles governing the international protection of the environment during armed conflict The principle of restricting the right of the warring parties to choose methods and means of warfare: In view of the great development that took place in the arts of armament and methods of fighting and the use of advanced weapons that have a great destructive effect on human life in all aspects of human life and the effects and losses they cause at all levels, it has become necessary to subject the warring parties in choosing means of fighting to a kind of Controls, restrictions and rules to ensure at least the alleviation of human suffering or environmental damage resulting from wars and armed conflicts, as Article 22 of the Hague Convention of 1907 stipulates that (the belligerents do not have an absolute right to choose the means to harm the enemy). As Article 35 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1977 stipulates in its first paragraph (the first clause: The right of the

Climate change International humanitarian law and climate change International humanitarian law, an introduction The continuous deterioration in the natural environment,  since the beginning of the seventies of the last century, has led to a general awareness of the seriousness of the aggression perpetrated by man against nature, especially during the period of armed conflicts, and the resulting pollution of the environment, and all its resources, which directly threatens human existence.  The international interest in protecting the environment has been reflected.  In issuing many declarations, and international resolutions, including the Declaration of Progress and Development in the Social Field in, 1969, the Stockholm Declaration in 1972, the World Charter for Nature in 1982, the Rio de Janeiro Conference and, its Declaration in, 1992, and the Kyoto Protocol in, 1997, on the commitment of, international countries to international standards Specific emissions of greenhouse gases, t

The traditional means of peaceful settlement of water issues did not achieve the required results, so some countries resorted to seeking diplomatic means for settlement instead of legal and judicial means that depend on bringing down the rule of law without regard to the interests or self-considerations of each state or its sensitivity to another river state, this and Many agreed that the approach of water diplomacy is effective, but not quick in results, as it requires long-term procedures and deliberations that depend on research, investigation, negotiation and mediation between countries, and this requires a real understanding of the surrounding political, economic or social issues and an integrated management of the water issue. It is also possible to apply preventive diplomacy, which is an unconventional aspect of diplomatic work in support of international cooperation and diplomatic means through international negotiations and friendly international efforts and mediation supporte

In response to the water crisis, the Water Global Practices Sector at the World Bank developed a new strategic action plan at World Water Week 2019 focusing on three main interrelated pillars, namely, preserving water resources, providing services, and building resilience for a world in which everyone enjoys water security, The World Bank’s move came based on a study by it that indicated that “entire regions may witness a decrease in their GDP by up to (6%) by 2050 due to water-related losses in the sectors of agriculture, health, income and property, and the risk increases with the increase in population density.” And climate change. David Michel, director of the Environmental Security Program at the Stimson Center (Peace and Security Research Organization) in Washington, has explained, “The issue of water wars is more complex than its direct counterpart from other resources. It is important to distinguish between the types of resources and pathways that can Through it, it contributes

The conflict over oil has formed a large area of wars and events that took place in the world many decades ago and continues to this day, but the conflict over water can be more severe and deadly because water is ultimately the basis of life, due to the limited water on the The surface of the earth and its increasing shortage as a result of global warming (global warming), and there is no doubt that the early realization of the importance of water will greatly affect the conflicts and disputes that may occur in the future because it is a matter of existence, and the understanding of security as the subject of military defense internally or Externally, it is a superficial, shallow and naive concept of the major issue of security, which is the issue of food security, of which water is its main and fixed axis. There are many non-military aspects closely related to the issue of national security, and certainly the issue of food and economic security and the issue of water on top of those a

Water and armed conflict, The impact of water scarcity, and the  occurrence of armed conflict In our world today and due to the great development, that the world has witnessed in the last decades and the entry of water as one of the basic elements of human development in its various agricultural and industrial fields that all countries and countries of the world seek to achieve, the conflict over water has become a clear reality with the development of the role of water as one of the topics International politics of strategic importance and long-term political plans, so water and the control of its sources were considered one of the most important elements of conflict, conflicts and tensions in the world.  Indeed, many researchers called the current century ( the century of water ) because of the pivotal roles in which water will play in the life of man in the future.  Water has become one of the most effective and most effective tools of political pressure exerted by some countries of

an introduction Water plays a major role in human life, both individuals and groups, as the first human gatherings were established on the banks of rivers, but all the great civilizations that existed in ancient times were water and the presence of rivers a major reason for their establishment (for example, the Mesopotamian civilization that was established on the banks of the Tigris rivers The Euphrates and the Nile Valley Civilization that was founded on the banks of the Nile River). The volume of fresh water is about (35 billion km3), which is equivalent to (2.5%) of the Earth’s water volume of (1.4 billion km3). The available of this fresh water for human use is only (0.3%) and the rest is either frozen or found in the hollow. Thus, only 100 thousand km 3 of fresh water remains for human use. These frightening numbers indicate the scarcity and limitations of fresh water compared to the increase in the world's population and the tremendous development in all sciences, in which w

proposals: Through the above, it can be said that peace based on justice and equality among the countries of the world is the most important solution to avoid armed conflicts resulting from climate change, as peace encourages investments and allows for sustainable development in all aspects of social and economic life. as the conflict eliminates life and the environment, and it is one of the most important obstacles to achieving sustainable development, in addition to respecting the freedoms and rights of people and encouraging them to be creative, innovative and love others. Unfortunately, developed countries are not ready to help developing countries to overcome the stages that contribute to combating the effects of change Climate change, especially the United States, which rarely admits that it is up to it to achieve the bulk of adaptation to climate change, and this was pointed out by Indian university professor Tiagarjan Jayaraman when he said, “What we do not understand yet and w

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted in 1992 and entered into force in 1994 and was ratified by 196 parties, including the European Union. Without any serious human impact on the climate system, it became the first practical and binding application of the Convention officially through the Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, ratified by 192 parties without the United States, and the protocol was imposed on 37 developed countries A general reduction of emissions by 5% compared to 1990 and an average reduction of 8% for the European Union in the period from 2008 to 2012. As for the rest of the countries, they did not commit to a specific rate, but were involved in the process of combating climate change through incentive mechanisms. This was followed by a number of conferences, agreements and protocols through which a number of countries withdrew. until the conclusion of a global agreement in Paris on climate change

The indirect effects of climate change on human rights Displacement. The most significant impact in itself of climate change is the migration of people as a result of desertification, drought, storms and floods, leaving their lands and properties, and displacement within their countries, especially in developing countries, where the displaced within their countries face great challenges, especially with regard to their protection. And securing housing, food, water and livelihoods, and restitution or compensation for the property they lost as a result of their displacement and exposure to sexual violence, in addition to their exposure to forced recruitment, especially displaced children and adolescents, into armed extremist groups, as happened in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Chad as a result of the conflicts that occurred due to the dispute over agricultural land. Climate refugee. They are the people who cross the borders to escape hunger, water scarcity and

The right to health: The World Health Organization defines the right to health as (a state of complete physical, psychological and social well-being that is not achieved by the mere absence of disease or infirmity). as the Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights mentioned in the panel discussion on human rights and climate change held in March 2016 “Climate change threatens the basic determinants of health at all levels and disproportionately affects those who have the least amount of property: women, children, the elderly, indigenous peoples, minorities, migrants, rural workers and persons with disabilities. and the poor, which exacerbates the risks that threaten their lives and livelihoods.” An example of this is the outbreak of cholera in Yemen. The right to water: The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) defines it as follows: “Every person has a source of water, and the latter (water) is required to be safe, in sufficient quantity and at the right price so that the person c

Impact of climate change on the right to food This is the possibility of feeding the same  person from the natural resources, available to all individuals, under the authority of a state.  as a report issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization, in 2015, on the state of food insecurity in the world indicated, that the achievement of the international targets on hunger, (that four out of five of the poor, live In countries prone to natural disasters, and with high levels of environmental degradation".  where the living conditions of those disadvantaged, are increasingly difficult due to floods, droughts and storms, that destroy assets, land, livestock, crops and food supplies, and difficult access to health, sanitation, education and All of these factors contribute to creating the problem of hunger). and according to the projections of the same organization, ( climate change , may result in a decrease in agricultural production by 30% in Africa and 21% in AsiaFood, which will

Direct effects of climate change on human rights   r ight to life where the right to life, is considered the basis of rights, and even though there are no other rights without it.  And the cultural value of the individual includes his enjoyment of dignity, freedom, equality and education, as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, issued by the United Nations in 1948 affirmed Article (3) of it, (everyone has the right to life, freedom and security of his person), as stipulated in Article (6) ) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights issued in 1966" (The right to life is an inherent right of every human being, and the law must protect this right, and no one may be arbitrarily deprived of his life Priority, the reality confirms that climate change will affect it through hunger, and malnutrition and the related disturbances, and tensions and the possibility of conflicts and crises, and according to the United Nations Environment Program, nearly (7.2 million) p

Climate change and human rights Climate change and human rights Considering the issue of the effects of climate change on human rights، as one of the most prominent issues، that preoccupied a large number of countries in the world.  especially, because it is linked to human existence, especially in poor countries, which are classified as developing countries to the،،, extent that residents of some island countries are threatened with losing their homes, farms and resources, or even threatened with losing their homelands، Because of rising sea levels and oceans، that have been affected by global warming.  The focus of discussions between countries on climate change، has gradually expanded, and the human and social dimensions، are receiving increasing and great attention from countries، and international organizations, culminating in the issuance of the United Nations Human Rights, Council in 2008, Resolution No. (23/07), in which it warned of the impact of climate change.  Climate chang

Drought is one of the causes of climate change what is a climate change? The increase in the surface temperature in  the world, with the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide, methane and some other gases, is called (global warming), and these gases are also called the term (greenhouse gases), because they help to warm the surface of the Earth as.  The Earth’s temperature today, is almost double the temperature 200 years ago, and the environmental model, summarized in the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, indicated that the global surface temperature, will likely increase by (1.1 to 6.4 degrees Celsius), during the current century.  The term global warming, was coined by the Swedish chemist Svante Arinos in the year 1896, and Arinos launched the theory that burning fossil fuels, will increase the amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and that it will lead to an increase in global temperatures, and he concluded that if the concentration of carbon dioxide

global warming  It is necessary to know what is climate change The term climate change , or global warming, and its importance and impact on life، and the world have recently been scorned, so it is necessary، to know what climate change is. Disaster risks are constantly and increasingly increasing, and with it the loss of life and property, and the increase in population, poverty, armed conflicts, terrorism and climate changes، play a major role in these disasters، and complicate matters and put more challenges، and difficulties in the face of these disasters.  Climate change، and the lack of water resources on Earth، constitute one of the biggest environmental challenges facing the countries of the world today, because of its negative effects on human life as a result of drought, desertification, the decline of land and agricultural areas, floods and the unsustainable use of water resources, especially in countries The developing countries, which are called the Third World, in the abs